Understand & Analyze unit test

Summary vs analysis

Appeal to tradition and appeal to novelty

Toulmin model, applied

Sufficiency of evidence

Statistical significance vs importance

Circular reasoning

Evidence types and their weight

Analyzing tone in a source

Analyzing the reasoning, not the topic

Equivocation

Analyzing visual and quantitative sources

Warrant

END-OF-COURSE EXAM, PART A (30 minutes, 15 points). Read the passage, summarized below, then respond to prompts A1–A3. The passage is excerpted from Zara Abrams, "The Urgent Necessity for Paid Parental Leave," Monitor on Psychology (American Psychological Association), April 2022. Abrams argues that the United States urgently needs a national paid parental leave policy. Her case: despite broad public support and strong evidence of benefits, the US is one of only six countries with no paid parental leave; the unpaid leave guaranteed by the 1993 FMLA is unaffordable for many and excludes about 44% of workers. She marshals research showing paid leave improves maternal health (a 51% drop in rehospitalization risk; fewer depressive symptoms for mothers who can take more than two months), that disadvantaged families benefit most yet have least access (about 47% of White, 41% of Black, and 23% of Hispanic parents have paid leave), and that leave for fathers matters too — neuroscience studies (Israeli brain-imaging work on primary-caregiver fathers; a randomized trial of baby-carrier use) suggest caregiving itself, not gender, builds parental instincts, and a Swedish reform expanding fathers' leave improved mothers' health. She closes with evidence linking paid leave to lower infant mortality, higher vaccination, more breastfeeding, distinct infant EEG profiles suggesting more mature cognition, better toddler language skills, and fewer behavioral problems — concluding that resources and time after childbirth shape families' futures.