Age of Reformation unit test

Peace of Westphalia

German Peasants' War

Consubstantiation vs transubstantiation

Council of Trent

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

Witch hunts in early modern Europe

Catholic (Counter) Reformation

Edict of Nantes

Effects of the Reformation on women

Martin Luther

Act of Supremacy (1534)

English Reformation

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTION. Evaluate the extent to which the Protestant Reformation changed political authority in Europe in the sixteenth century. The seven documents below are real historical sources, described here in our own words rather than quoted. The identifying information — author, position, document type and date — is accurate and is the basis for the sourcing point. Document 1 — Martin Luther, Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, Wittenberg, October 1517. Luther, a friar and university professor, poses propositions for academic disputation questioning whether the pope has authority to remit the penalties of purgatory, arguing that a Christian who is truly repentant already has full remission, and asking why the pope, whose wealth exceeds that of the richest men, builds St. Peter's with the money of poor believers rather than his own. Document 2 — Martin Luther, To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, 1520. Addressed to the German princes, the treatise denies that the clergy form a spiritual estate superior to the temporal, asserts that all baptized Christians share one priesthood, rejects the pope's exclusive claim to interpret Scripture and to call councils, and calls on the German rulers to undertake reform of the church themselves. Document 3 — The Twelve Articles of the Peasants of Swabia, Memmingen, 1525. Drawn up by representatives of peasant bands in southwestern Germany at the start of the Peasants' War, the articles demand that congregations be permitted to choose their own pastors, that the small tithe be abolished, that serfdom be ended because Christ redeemed all people, and that access to woods, waters and common lands be restored. Each demand is offered on the condition that it be shown contrary to Scripture, in which case the peasants will withdraw it. Document 4 — Martin Luther, Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants, May 1525. Written as the revolt spread, the pamphlet urges the princes to strike down the rebels without mercy, argues that a Christian may suffer injustice but may not rebel against constituted authority, and insists that the peasants' invocation of the gospel to justify revolt is a blasphemous misuse of it. Document 5 — The Act of Supremacy, English Parliament, 1534. The statute declares the king to be the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England, with authority to visit, reform and correct errors and abuses, and grants him the revenues and jurisdiction formerly claimed by the papacy within the realm. It is enacted after the pope refused to annul Henry VIII's marriage. Document 6 — The Ecclesiastical Ordinances of Geneva, drafted by John Calvin and adopted by the city council, 1541. The ordinances establish four offices — pastors, teachers, elders and deacons — and create a consistory of pastors and lay elders empowered to summon, admonish and excommunicate residents for doctrinal error and for conduct including blasphemy, dancing and absence from sermons, with the civil magistrate enforcing its judgments. Document 7 — The Peace of Augsburg, agreed by the estates of the Holy Roman Empire, 1555. The settlement ends the war between Charles V and the Lutheran princes by providing that each imperial prince may determine whether his territory is Catholic or Lutheran, that subjects who dissent may emigrate, and that ecclesiastical rulers who convert must surrender their lands. Calvinism is not recognized.