Industrialization & Its Effects unit test

Agricultural revolution

Berlin Conference

Second Industrial Revolution

Enclosure

Separate spheres

Limited liability

Child and female labor

Great Exhibition of 1851

Factory system

Railways

Standard of living debate

Socialism

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTION. Evaluate the extent to which industrialization changed the position of women in European society from 1750 to 1914. The seven documents below are real historical sources, described here in our own words rather than quoted. The identifying information — author, position, document type and date — is accurate and is the basis for the sourcing point. Document 1 — Testimony gathered by the British Children's Employment Commission on conditions in coal mines, 1842. Women and girls questioned by the commissioners describe hauling loaded corves through low passages on hands and knees for twelve hours, working in water, and returning to domestic work at home afterward; several describe having given birth within days of working underground. The commission's illustrated report caused a public sensation. Document 2 — Sarah Stickney Ellis, The Women of England: Their Social Duties and Domestic Habits, 1839. Ellis, an English writer addressing middle-class readers, argues that a woman's proper sphere is the home, that her influence over husband and sons is her form of power and her contribution to the nation's moral character, and that a household in which the wife engages in paid work has failed in its claim to respectability. Document 3 — Flora Tristan, The Workers' Union, 1843. Tristan, a French socialist writer of Peruvian descent who had traveled among British and French workers, argues that working-class emancipation is impossible while women remain uneducated and legally subordinate, that the neglect of girls' education damages the whole working class, and calls for a workers' organization funded by dues that would build schools admitting girls equally. Document 4 — The Mines and Collieries Act, British Parliament, 1842. Passed after the Children's Employment Commission reported, the act prohibits the employment underground of all women and girls and of boys under ten, and provides for inspectors to enforce it. It offers no alternative employment or compensation. Document 5 — John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women, 1869. Mill, a political economist and member of Parliament who had presented a women's suffrage petition two years earlier, argues that the legal subordination of women is a survival of the law of force, that no one can know what women are capable of while their options are restricted by law and custom, and that marriage as then constituted leaves a wife with fewer legal rights than a servant. Document 6 — Clara Zetkin, address to the International Socialist Women's Conference, 1907. Zetkin, a leader of the German Social Democratic Party and editor of its women's newspaper, argues that women's suffrage must be pursued as part of the class struggle rather than in alliance with bourgeois feminists, since propertied women's interests diverge from those of working women, and demands universal adult suffrage without property qualification. Document 7 — Emmeline Pankhurst, speech delivered in Hartford, Connecticut, 1913. Pankhurst, founder of the Women's Social and Political Union, defends militant tactics — window-breaking, arson of empty buildings, hunger strikes — on the ground that four decades of constitutional petitioning had produced nothing, that women are compelled to obey laws they have no voice in making, and that a civil war waged by women is the only argument governments have shown themselves willing to hear.