Cold War & Contemporary Europe unit test

Schengen Agreement

Brexit

Contemporary challenges

Marshall Plan

Euro

Hungarian Uprising

Gorbachev, glasnost and perestroika

European Coal and Steel Community

Détente

Iron Curtain

NATO and the Warsaw Pact

Revolutions of 1989

SHORT-ANSWER QUESTION 1 (required). Read the summary of the source. A passage from Soviet Women: Walking the Tightrope (1990) by Francine du Plessix Gray, a French-American journalist, argues that although the Bolshevik regime was the first government in history to make women's emancipation a legal goal — passing equal-pay legislation immediately and making women's right (even obligation) to work central to Soviet citizenship — the Leninist ideal remained a distant utopia, and Soviet commitment to women's employment was driven less by ideology than by pragmatic demographic factors: rapid economic growth, labor shortages, and a frequent shortage of men. As evidence she reports that in the 1980s the average female worker, though slightly better educated than her male counterpart, earned only two-thirds as much; that some forty percent of Soviet working women held unskilled or low-skilled jobs; and that while about seventy percent of doctors and three-quarters of schoolteachers were women, men held more than half of hospital administrator posts and most school principalships.