Development & Learning unit test

UCS, UCR, CS, CR

Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery

Learned helplessness

Primary vs secondary reinforcers

Harlow's monkeys

Fixed vs variable interval

Critical vs sensitive periods

Positive vs negative reinforcement

Attachment styles

Little Albert

Generalization vs discrimination

Assimilation vs accommodation

ARTICLE ANALYSIS QUESTION (AAQ). Using the source provided, respond to all parts of the question. Write the response to each part in complete sentences, using appropriate psychological terminology. THE SOURCE (summarized from Bandura, Ross & Ross, 1961, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology): Introduction. The study examined whether children who observe an adult behaving aggressively toward an object will reproduce that aggression when later given the opportunity, and whether the sex of the model matters. Participants. 72 children enrolled at a university nursery school, 36 boys and 36 girls, ranging in age from 37 to 69 months (mean about 52 months). Children were pre-rated on their existing aggressiveness by two observers who knew them, and were then matched into triplets on those ratings before assignment, so that the groups began with comparable baseline aggression. Method. Children were assigned to one of three conditions: an aggressive model condition, a nonaggressive model condition, and a control condition with no model. In the model conditions, the child was brought individually into a room with toys and an adult was seated in a corner. In the aggressive condition, the adult spent about ten minutes striking, kicking and throwing an inflatable five-foot doll while making distinctive verbal remarks; in the nonaggressive condition the adult played quietly with construction toys and ignored the doll. Within the model conditions, half the children observed a same-sex model and half an opposite-sex model. Every child was then taken to a second room containing attractive toys and, after two minutes, told the toys were reserved for other children — a mild frustration procedure applied to all conditions equally. The child was finally taken to a third room containing both aggressive toys (including a smaller version of the inflatable doll and a mallet) and nonaggressive toys, and observed through a one-way mirror for twenty minutes. Observers recorded behavior in five-second intervals using predefined categories, including imitative physical aggression, imitative verbal aggression, and nonimitative aggression. Results. Children who observed the aggressive model produced substantially more imitative aggression than children in either the nonaggressive-model or control conditions, and much of it reproduced the specific acts and phrases the model had used. Children in the nonaggressive-model condition showed less aggression than the control group. Boys produced more physical aggression than girls overall, and imitation was stronger when the model was the same sex as the child, an effect more pronounced for boys.